February 2009


As per the the Torah (also called as the five books of Moses, the Old Testament, or the Pentateuch) cloven hoofed, cud-chewing mammals are kosher. Deer, sheep and goats, for instance are all kosher, while pig and rabbit, for example, are not.

Only some birds are considered kosher in the United States. This includes chicken, duck, goose, and turkey.

Lobster lovers may be dismayed to find that for seafood or fish to be kosher, it should have fins and easily removable scales. Shellfish normally, and lobsters, shrimp, and clams, specifically are not kosher. Fish, on the other hand, like tuna, carp, and herring, are kosher, but only if they are made by a kosher fish monger with kosher cutting implements and machines. There’s more. In most cases, scales should be present on the fish in order to be purchased by the consumer.

Gelatin is also a product with complicated implications for Orthodox Jews; Gelatin is hydrolised collagen, the main protein in animal connective tissue, and therefore could potentially come from a non-kosher source, like pig bones. Gelatin has historically been a prominent source of glue, finding uses from musical instruments to embroidery, one of the main historic emulsions used in cosmetics and in photographic film, the main coating given to medical capsule pills, and a form of food including jelly, trifle, and marshmallows; the status of gelatin in kashrut is consequently fairly controversial.

 

Because of the ambiguity over the source of individual items derived from gelatin, many Orthodox rabbis regard it as generally being non-kosher. However, Conservative rabbis and several prominent Orthodox rabbis, including Ovadia Yosef — the former Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel — argue that gelatin has undergone such total chemical change and processing that it must not count as meat, and therefore would be kosher technically, gelatin is just produced by separating the three strands in each collagen fibre’s triple helix, an action performed simply by boiling collagen in water.

 

One of the main methods of avoiding non-kosher gelatin is to substitute gelatin-like materials in its place; substances with a similar chemical behaviour include food starch from tapioca, chemically modified pectins, and carrageenan combined with certain vegetable gums — guar gum, locust-bean gum, xanthan gum, gum acacia, agar, and others. Although gelatin is used for many purposes by a large variety of manufacturers, it has started to be replaced with these substitutes in a number of products, due to the use of gelatin also being a significant concern to vegetarians.

All fresh fruits and vegetables are kosher in principle. Jewish law says that they be carefully checked and cleaned to make sure that there are no insects on them, as insects are not kosher (except certain grasshoppers and crickets according to the Jews of Yemen only, see main article). The Orthodox community is particular not to eat produce that can have insect infestation, and check and wash certain forms of produce very carefully. Many Orthodox Jews avoid certain vegetables, like broccoli, because they can be infested and exceedingly hard to clean. Some kashrut certifying organizations totally advice against eating of some vegetables they find impossible to clean.

Orthodox Jews generally adhere to these rules, but only for the produce of Israel, to that they think it exclusively applies. Many Orthodox Jews also stick to Joseph Caro’s view that agricultural produce would not be non-kosher if the Levite Tithe has not been exacted from it, nor if it has been harvested during a Sabbatical Year.

The situation of cheese is complicated by the fact that the production of hard cheese usually involves rennet, an enzyme that splits milk into curds and whey. Although rennet can be prepared from vegetable or microbial sources, most forms are derived from the stomach linings of animals, and therefore could potentially be non-kosher. Rennet made from the stomachs of kosher-animals, if they have been slaughtered according to the kosher rules, would itself be kosher, but mixing it with milk would violate the rule against mixing milk and meat, thereby making the resulting cheese non-kosher.

Jacob ben Meir, one of the most prominent medieval rabbis, championed the viewpoint that all cheese was kosher, a standpoint that was practised in communities in Narbonne and Italy. Contemporary Orthodox authorities do not follow this ruling, and hold that cheese need formal kashrut certification to be kosher, some even arguing that this is necessary for cheese made with non-animal rennet. In practice, Orthodox Jews, and some Conservative Jews who observe the kashrut laws, only eat cheese if they are certain that the rennet itself was kosher.

The classical rabbis prohibited any item of diet which had been consecrated to an idol, or had been used in the service of an idol. Because the Talmud views all non-Jews as idolaters, and viewed intermarriage with apprehension, it included within this prohibition any food that has been cooked/prepared completely by non-Jews. But, bread sold by a non-Jewish baker was not included in the prohibition; similarly, many Jewish writers believed that diet made on behalf of Jews, by non-Jewish servants, would not count as idolatry, although this view was opposed by Jacob ben Asher.

Consequently, modern Orthodox Jews generally believe that wine, cheese, certain cooked foods, and sometimes even dairy products, should only be cooked by Jews. The prohibition against drinking non-Jewish wine, traditionally called yayin nesekh (literally meaning wine for offering [to a deity]), is not absolute. Cooked wine (Hebrew: yayin mevushal), meaning wine that has been heated, is regarded as drinkable on the basis that heated wine was not historically used as a religious libation; thus kosher wine includes mulled wine, and pasteurized wine, regardless of producer, but Orthodox Judaism only regards other forms of wine as kosher if made by a Jew.

A Kosher wine is called “kosher”, or “kosher lemehadrin”, but an unkosher wine is called “nesech” which means a wine that has been made by not jewish workers. According to the “halacha”, even the pouring of the wine into glasses should be done by a Jewish person. The only exception to that is for cooked wines – those become kosher as soon as the wine temperature is greater than 75 degrees (Celsius), even if a non Jewish person handled it.

Korea has all kinds of eating establishments, ranging from street vendors (pojangmachas) and hole-in-the-wall shikdangs (small restaurants) to high-priced, formal restaurants will full-course meals. In between you can see many types of medium-sized places offering a large variety of food types, including traditional Korean food, fast food, Western and other non-Korean dishes. Happily, tipping is not customary in Korea.

“Kosher”, shows that in this store you can purchase kosher groceries and kosher deli, like kosher meet, kosher fish, kosher pretzels and kosher snacks. It requires for the Jewish orthodoxies not only buying in specific supermarkets, but also checking all the foods for a rabbinic seal. This seal is a sign of a rabbinic supervision that shows that the particular food has been made according to all the Jewish laws of Kosher, as it is said in the halakha. Shopping for kosher food has become an art for Jewish religious women.

Originating from Jewish religious beliefs, kosher food symbolizes the specifically Jewish foods and preferences. It is perceived by non-Jewish communities as a tradition. Along with the Jewish holidays and Jewish music, kosher recipes have become the symbol of Jewish national culture.

The bible says in passing that there was an Israelite custom of not consuming the sinew that shrank upon the hollow of the thigh, but the Talmud interprets this as an explicit prohibition against doing so; the bible attributes the tradition to the dislocation of the hollow of Jacob’s thigh during a wrestle with God, in a biblical narrative set at Penuel. Within Judaism the rule has usually been interpreted as referring to the sciatic nerve, the removal of which is a very time-consuming process demanding a great deal of special training, and is therefore rarely done outside Israel as there is little demand in general populations for kosher meat. The Talmud consists of bird meat from the restriction.
n addition to meat, all other produce of ritually unclean animals, and from unhealthy animals, were banned by the Talmudic writers; this included eggs (including fish roe) and milk, as well as derived products such as cheese and jelly, but did not include materials rarely manufactured or gathered by animals, like honey (although, in the case of honey from animals other than bees, there was a difference of opinion among the ancient writers. According to the rabbinical writers, eggs from ritually pure animals would always be prolate (“pointy”) at one end and oblate (“rounded”) at the other, helping to reduce uncertainty about whether consumption was permitted or not.

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